Explanation
A product catalog is a list of products that an organization can purchase or lease from vendors1. It contains information such as product name, model, manufacturer, description, price, and category1.
A consumable catalog is a list of consumable items that an organization can request or use up, such as toner cartridges, batteries, or paper2. It contains information such as consumable name, model, manufacturer, description, quantity, and category2.
A service catalog is a list of services that an organization can request or provide, such as IT support, hardware provisioning, or software installation3. It contains information such as service name, description, cost, approval process, and fulfillment process3.
A vendor catalog is not a type of catalog in ServiceNow, but rather a module that allows asset managers to view and manage vendor information, such as name, contact, address, contract, and performance4.
An asset catalog is not a type of catalog in ServiceNow, but rather a module that allows asset managers to view and manage asset information, such as asset tag, serial number, model, status, and assignment.
References:
1: ServiceNow Product Documentation: Product Catalog
2: ServiceNow Product Documentation: Consumables
3: ServiceNow Product Documentation: Service Catalog Overview
4: ServiceNow Product Documentation: Vendor Catalog
[5]: ServiceNow Product Documentation: Asset Catalog