The correct answer is D (price or price-related factors) because, under NCMA CMBOK principles and standard procurement practices, an Invitation for Bids (IFB) -also known as sealed bidding-results in contract award based primarily on price competition . In this method, bids are evaluated for responsiveness (compliance with the solicitation requirements) and responsibility (the bidder's capability to perform).
Among those that meet these criteria, award is made to the lowest-priced responsive and responsible bidder
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CMBOK distinguishes IFB from negotiated procurement methods. IFB is used when requirements are clear, complete, and not subject to negotiation , making price the dominant evaluation factor. This ensures fairness, transparency, and objectivity in the award process, as all bidders compete on a common basis without discussions.
Option A is incorrect because technical scoring is typically associated with negotiated procurements, not sealed bidding. Option B is misleading, as while these elements may be specified in the solicitation, they are not the basis for comparative evaluation in IFB once responsiveness is established. Option C (best-value evaluation) applies to Request for Proposals (RFPs) , where trade-offs between cost and technical factors are considered.
Thus, CMBOK confirms that IFB awards are driven by price or price-related factors , reinforcing the structured and non-negotiable nature of sealed bidding.