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Which of these statements reflects a null hypothesis?
Correct Answer: A
A null hypothesis (H#) is the default assumption in statistical testing that there is no effect, no difference, or no relationship between variables. Option A: Correct. This states explicitly that there is no relationship between caffeine consumption and performance # fits the definition of a null hypothesis. Options B, C, D, E: These all hypothesize differences or relationships # they are examples of alternative hypotheses (H#), not null. Thus, the correct answer is Option A. Reference: DASCA Data Scientist Knowledge Framework (DSKF) - Statistics in Data Science: Hypotheses, Errors, and Testing.