B. Excluded from the view state for a Visualforce page:

• Static variables and methods are not saved as part of the view state in Visualforce pages. This is because the view state only saves the instance data of the page, and static variables do not belong to any particular instance of a class.

D. Allowed only in outer classes:

• Static methods and variables are associated with the class itself rather than any instance of the class. Therefore, they are defined in outer classes and not allowed in inner classes. Inner classes are tied to an instance of the outer class, so defining static methods in inner classes would not be appropriate.

E. Initialized only when a class is loaded:

• Static variables are initialized only once when the class is loaded into memory, which is typically the first time the class is referenced. Static methods can also be called without creating an instance of the class, and their associated static variables are initialized upon the class’s loading.