ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Implementer Exam Dumps | Question: During a security audit, analysts discover that an attacker repeatedly queried a black-box

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PECB.ISO-IEC-27001-Lead-Implementer.v2026-03-02.q141
Question 70

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Question 70/141

Question:
During a security audit, analysts discover that an attacker repeatedly queried a black-box ML model to infer if specific data points were in the training set. The attacker could determine if an individual's data was used during training. What threat does this attack represent?

A. Backdoor in the training set

B. Data poisoning

C. Membership inference attack

Correct Answer: C

ISO/IEC 23894:2023 (Artificial Intelligence Risk Management) and NIST SP 800-207A define Membership Inference Attacks (MIA) as:
"An adversary attempts to determine whether specific data was used in the training phase of a machine learning model." This is a privacy threat and can lead to data breaches, especially with personally identifiable information (PII).
It differs from data poisoning, which manipulates the training process, and backdoors, which alter behavior intentionally.
References:
ISO/IEC 23894:2023 Clause 8.2 - Machine Learning Threats
ISO/IEC 27001:2022 - Controls A.8.10 and A.8.12 (Data protection, leakage prevention)===========

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