Detailed Explanation:
Special-cause variation represents unexpected deviations due to specific circumstances and can be identified using control charts.
Option D: Control Chart
Control charts are designed to distinguish between common-cause and special-cause variations, using control limits to flag unusual patterns.
Option C: Run Chart
Run charts show trends but lack control limits to distinguish special-cause variation.
Options A and B:
Pareto charts and flowcharts categorize and map issues or processes, respectively, without indicating special- cause variation.
References:
CPHQ materials emphasize control charts for identifying special causes, as they provide statistical boundaries essential for quality control.