The U.S. Constitution has significant workplace privacy provisions that apply to the federal and state governments, but they do not affect private-sector employment. Notably, the Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures by state actors. Courts have interpreted this amendment to place limits on the ability of government employers to search employees' private spaces, such as lockers and desks.4 Some states, including California, have extended their constitutional rights to privacy to private-sector employees.5 In general for private-sector actors, however, there is no state action, and no constitutional law governs employment privacy