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Explanation/Reference: Explanation: Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) operates at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches and bridges running the spanning-tree algorithm communicate by exchanging multicast messages called bridge protocol data units (BPDUs) at regular intervals. BPDUs are used to build and maintain the spanning tree, ensuring a stable loop-free topology. BPDU exchange facilitates the following: Election of a root switch (only one per spanning tree) Election of a designated switch for each switched segment Removal of loops by placing redundant switch ports in a backup (non-forwarding) state STP is implemented on bridges and switches in order to prevent loops in the network. STP should be used in situations where redundant links are used. Objective: Layer 2 Technologies Sub-Objective: Configure and verify spanning tree References: Cisco > Home > Support > Technology Support > LAN Switching > Spanning Tree Protocol > Configure > Configuration Examples and Technotes > Spanning Tree Protocol > Understanding and Configuring Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) on Catalyst Switches Cisco > Support > Configuring Spanning Tree Protocol > How STP Works