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A challenge to ESG integration at the asset allocation level when using mean-variance optimization is that it:
Correct Answer: A
A challenge to ESG integration at the asset allocation level when using mean-variance optimization is that it is highly sensitive to baseline assumptions. * Baseline Assumptions: Mean-variance optimization relies on assumptions about expected returns, volatilities, and correlations among assets. Small changes in these inputs can lead to significantly different asset allocation outcomes. * Estimation Risk: The sensitivity to assumptions increases the risk of estimation errors, which can result in suboptimal asset allocation decisions and increased portfolio risk. * ESG Data Integration: Integrating ESG factors adds another layer of complexity, as ESG data can be inconsistent or incomplete, further complicating the optimization process. CFA ESG Investing References: The CFA Institute's materials on portfolio management and asset allocation discuss the challenges of mean-variance optimization, including its sensitivity to baseline assumptions and the difficulties in integrating qualitative ESG data into quantitative models.